Studies in history and philosophy of science and technology

Technical drawing as a form of visual-graphic communication of engineering: philosophical-anthropological aspect

2025-05-31T13:23:02+03:00

A technical drawing is a unique sign-symbolic system that enables the transmission of complex engineering ideas regardless of natural language and cultural context. A drawing serves as the universal language of technology, used for modelling, designing, and conveying technical information. Its sign system allows for encoding the spatial and functional characteristics of objects, making it the primary means of engineering communication. However, the philosophical dimension of this phenomenon remains underexplored. This study examines the drawing not merely as a technical tool but as a distinct form of language possessing its own semiotics, grammar, and communicative function. A philosophical-anthropological reflection on this language reveals its influence on the formation of contemporary engineering knowledge and highlights the role of technical drawing within the broader context of visual culture. The aim of this article is to analyse technical drawing as a unique visual-communicative system that serves as the foundation for transmitting technical information and developing engineering thought. To achieve this aim, we address the following objectives: to present a historical-philosophical retrospective of drawing as the “language of technology”; to examine drawing as a form of visual communication in the technical domain; to identify the semiotic characteristics and structural principles of drawing; to analyse the impact of drawing on engineering cognition and design; and to explore the prospects for the evolution of drawing in the digital era. The methodological framework of this study is based on an interdisciplinary approach encompassing the philosophy of technology, semiotics, cognitive science, and engineering. The application of philosophical analysis allows for the conceptualisation of drawing as a phenomenon that transcends its utilitarian function and shapes modes of knowing and constructing reality. Key findings. This article explores the phenomenon of technical drawing as a unique form of language within the visual-communicative space of engineering. The role of drawing as a universal sign-symbolic system that facilitates the transmission and preservation of technical information is analysed. The semiotic characteristics of drawing, its structural principles, and its impact on engineering cognition are examined. Additionally, the prospects for the development of drawing in the context of digitalisation, automation, and artificial intelligence are discussed. Conclusions. Drawing, as a form of visual-graphic communication, plays a fundamental role in technical and engineering thought. It integrates logical analysis with spatial representation, facilitating precise modelling, design, and construction of objects. Throughout its evolution, drawing has not only adapted to new technological conditions but has also retained its essential function as the universal language of engineering. A semiotic analysis of drawing reveals that it possesses its own grammar and syntax, akin to natur l languages, yet distinguished by its conciseness and precision. Its sign system effectively conveys technical information without the need for verbal explanation, rendering it a global medium of professional communication. Drawing is not merely a technical tool but a mode of thinking that integrates both analytical and intuitive levels of cognition. It functions as a conceptual language that shapes engineers’ cognitive processes, fosters the generation of new ideas, and influences the trajectory of scientific and technological progress. Thus, an exploration of the philosophical aspects of drawing enables a deeper understanding of its significance not only in the field of technology but also in culture and the epistemology of knowledge as a whole.

Historical-anthropological disciplines system in the humanitarian horizon of modern philosophy of history

2025-05-31T13:33:01+03:00

The purpose of this article is to reconstruct and establish the theoretical features and significance of the system of historical-anthropological disciplines that were formed in the human-dimensional horizon of modern philosophy of history and their influence on the development of philosophical -historical studies. The methodology of this work includes the principles of complementarity, structurality, and dialogicity. In the course of analyzing the problem field of work, the following methods were applied: philosophical hermeneutics, system-structural, and interdisciplinary. Research results. The scientific development of historical anthropology as a sphere of modern philosophy of history led to the generation in its theoretical space of a system of disciplines that study individual issues of the mental-cultural plane of the past. This cognitive transformation is largely motivated by the philosophical and socio-cultural realities of postmodernism. The significant factors influencing the formation of historical-anthropological disciplines are postmodern theoretical approaches that refute logical thinking as the main element of knowledge of the world and the presence and determining value of major philosophical and scientific concepts and political ideological systems, metanarratives. Accordingly, the influence of the postmodern model on the formation and intellectual properties of the system of historical-anthropological disciplines lies in their cognitive focus on the analysis of emotional and psychological factors of historical processes and increasing the influence of understanding individual phenomena and factors, that unfold in the mental-cultural horizon of the past. The system of historical- anthropological disciplines, which was formed in the theoretical space of the humanitarian sphere of modern philosophy of history, forms a complex intellectual space that includes three cognitive levels: psychological-cultural, worldview and cultural and mental-demographic. The psychological-cultural level includes scientific studies in such historical-anthropological disciplines as “history of ideas” and “new cultural history”. “History of ideas” comprehends the content and significance of the plane of the imaginary, the psychic sphere of dreams, fantasies and dreams in the mental-cultural space of historical existence. “New cultural history” analyzes multifaceted cultural phenomena and their interaction with ideas about the world of society and its individual strata. The worldview-ideological level of the system of historical-anthropological disciplines includes studies in “history of readings” and “history of memory”. These sciences analyze the problems of the formation of a worldview and the formation of meanings of individual and social existence of the past. The mental-demographic level includes, in particular, studies in “history of women”. This historical-anthropological discipline is essential for understanding the specifics of worldviews, socially significant behavior, and socio-cultural practices of women in different historical times. The formation of the functioning of the cognitive-heuristic system of historical-anthropological disciplines led to a theoretical dialogue between the humanitarian sphere of modern philosophy of history and social-humanitarian sciences, which had not previously entered into scientific interaction of historical-anthropological concepts. Among these sciences, one can mention the «history of ideas», the «history of political ideas» and political science. The establishment of a corresponding intellectual dialogue took place thanks to the exploration by historical-anthropological disciplines of a new problem field for them, the mental-cultural prerequisites for the formation of socio-political ideas and processes. The formation of a system of historical and anthropological disciplines in the intellectual space of modern philosophy of history leads to a more relevant understanding of the mental-cultural causality of historical processes due to the integration into the problem field of philosophical and historical explorations of the analysis of the worldview and cultural phenomena new to historical and anthropological studies of the dimensions of the worldview and the ideological sphere of the functioning of socio-demographic groups and societies of the past.

Entrepreneurial practices of the nobles of the southern Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire at the end of the XIX century – beginning of the XX century

2025-05-31T13:43:00+03:00

In the post-reform era, the entrepreneurial activity of enterprising individuals, which also included representatives of the nobility, was actively developing in the Ukrainian ethnic lands of the Russian Empire. The Aim and the Subject of the Study – to find out the main areas of business interests of the nobles of Katerynoslav region and Kherson region at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, to determine the production volumes of their enterprises and to establish the level of profits they received in business practices. Research methods used: historical-genetic, statistical, diachronic. Scientific novelty: on the basis of a wide range of sources, the peculiarities of entrepreneurial activity of representatives of the nobility in industry, trade and agriculture of Southern Ukraine in the post-reform period were characterized. Main material and results. It is noted that in the modern period, mechanical engineering and steam engines, as well as the development of trade and money relations and the capitalist market, turned noble entrepreneurship into a source of sufficiently fast and reliable profit. The business activities of the nobles of Kherson and Katerynoslav provinces developed mainly in such areas of the economy as the brick and food industry, as well as in agriculture. It is emphasized that the share of noble enterprises in the factory industry of Katerynoslav province at the beginning of the 20th century was 8.6 %, and in Kherson region – 7.8 %. At the same time, government statistics recorded the activity of 64 large and medium-sized noble plants and factories in South of Ukraine, 19 of which had an annual production volume exceeding 100,000 krb, their owners can be attributed to the big bourgeoisie, among whom there were also ethnic Ukrainians. It is noted that noble entrepreneurs received the highest profit in such industries as clothing manufacturing (up to 23 %), brick production (18–19 %) and in the flour milling industry – 15–18 %. Conclusions. The process of the development of capitalism in the post-reform period, the spirit of entrepreneurship at that time significantly in fluenced the psychology of the nobility, changed the views of representatives of the «noble estate» on business activities, when even representatives of famous noble families no longer shied away from resorting to rather risky, and sometimes dubious, arrangements. It is emphasized that representatives of the nobility played a significant role in the industrial development of the region, the implementation of industrial modernization of southern Ukrainian provinces.

Contribution of Ukrainian agricultural societies at the end of the XIX century – beginning of the XX century to the development of horse breeding

2025-05-31T14:35:56+03:00

The purpose of this article is to analyze the activities of Ukrainian societies of the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the direction of the development of horse breeding. The methodological basis was formed by the basic methods of historical and scientific research: historical and chronological, analytical, comparative, classification and systematization, etc. Main results: the practical activities of branch agricultural societies (in particular, Kharkiv, Poltava, Podolsk, Yelysavetgrad and other agricultural societies) and the scientific approaches of scientists and amateur horse breeders (O. Brauner, V. Kudashev, S. Urusov) to the management and improvement of horse breeding in Ukraine of the mentioned period were analyzed. The object of the study was also the societies of horse races, trotting and racing, which influenced the development of equestrian sports and horse testing. Conclusions. It has been established that horse breeding in Ukraine at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries urgently needed the development of a joint comprehensive program for the improvement of the industry by the government, the regions and local public associations. The role of agricultural societies, in the structure of which livestock departments began to be actively established since the beginning of the 20th century, was to carry out several popularization, scientific and practical measures to stimulate the development of horse breeding. Thus, animal scientists through a network of societies developed and announced their scientific inventions and hypotheses, in particular, concerning the issues of horse breeding, the compilation of scientifically sound rations, the study of the order of the horse population of the province. The societies contributed to the unification of private farms that conducted agricultural-type breeding, the introduction of stud books, the organization of horse exhibitions, the opening of horse breeding stations, etc. To ensure the equine population with reliable breeding material, the members of the society promoted the expediency of the so-called “Institute of approved breeding stock for public use”. Several experiments on horse breeding were conducted in the experimental fields of individual societies. On their initiative, All-Russian and provincial congresses of horse breeders were convened, at which plans for improving animal husbandry in the provinces were approved. A few trotting and horse racing societies, which began to be created in the Ukrainian provinces from the middle of the 19th century, without having a significant impact on selection work, developed a significant role in the cultural horse breeding and stud farming, as well as equestrian sports.

Natural history direction of scientific and local history activities of the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Mountain Club

2025-05-31T18:04:01+03:00

Among a number of public-scientific associations of the Black Sea region of Ukraine, the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Mountain Club (CCMC/CCMC) occupies a special place, in particular due to its organizational principles. Established in Odessa in 1890, the club spread its activities throughout the empire and made a considerable contribution to the history of the study and local history development of mountainous regions, primarily Crimea. The article addresses the issue of studying the natural science direction of the scientific and local history activities of the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Mountain Club in the context of general studies of its activities conducted by other researchers. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the components of the natural science direction of scientific and local history research carried out by the club. A number of historical sources have been identified and analyzed, which have varying degrees of information content about the manifestations of the natural history and local history activities of the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Mountain Club. Attention has been drawn to the decrease in the number of publications in Ukraine concerning the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Club after 2014. Based on the results of the analysis of historiographic sources, the incompleteness of the studies conducted by predecessors on the specified issues has been determined. The result of the study is the proof of the presence of a fairly significant natural history and local history component in the scientific activities of the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Mountain Club (CCMC) and the identification of its main directions. Some of the scientific works that illustrate the directions of natural history and local history activities have been analyzed. The relevance and significance of the scientific results obtained by members of the Crimean (Crimean-Caucasian) Club to this day have been emphasized. The organizational and scientific activities of the club in the field of creating an infrastructure for natural and local history research are considered. A conclusion is made about the need for further study of the activities of the specified public and scientific association.

The initial stage of the scientific and educational activities of the «Union of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhine Region» in the 1840s

2025-05-31T18:13:38+03:00

The article is devoted to the little-known among the domestic scientific community history of the foundation, cultural and educational activities of the German society “Union of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland”, which was created by a group of connoisseurs of ancient antiquities and experts on the ancient past in 1841 in the Rhineland province of the Kingdom of Prussia. Today, modern domestic historiography lacks comprehensive works that detail the historical circumstances, the course of institutionalization and the work of the public scientific center for the preservation of ancient cultural heritage in the Kingdom of Prussia and its Rhineland province during the 1840s of the 19th century. The author of the study set the goal, based on extensive source material (statute, reports of the institution, publications published by it), to reconstruct the reasons for the creation of the “Union of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland”, the specifics of its organizational structure, financial and scientific and educational activities aimed at studying the ancient cultural heritage and historical past in the territory of the Rhine province of the Kingdom of Prussia. The article notes the role of connoisseurs of ancient antiquities, antiquarians, representatives of the academic university environment, teachers of local secondary and primary educational institutions, representatives of the Prussian administration in the creation of a public association that dealt with the problems of popularizing the ancient Roman cultural heritage of the Rhineland in the public environment of the Kingdom of Prussia, identifying, attributing and preserving its historical and cultural monuments, and the peculiarities of forming museum funds and collections of ancient artifacts and archaeological finds. One of the main priorities of the community center was the organization of a special popular science magazine, in the columns of which modern research on Latin archaeography, archeology, numismatics, architecture, historiography was published, which gave a powerful impetus to further scientific study of the past of the ancient Roman era of the Rhine province of Prussia, a meaningful expansion of the research circle of local scientists. The active activity of the association contributed to the involvement of its members in the implementation of government projects of Prussia to preserve a wide range of monuments of the cultural heritage of Ancient Rome and the Middle Ages of the Rhineland. L. Lersch played a significant role in the activities of the society at the initial stage of its formation. It has been established that the scientific, educational, publishing and popularization activities of the “Union of Friends of Antiquity in the Rhineland” in the 1840s significantly influenced the internal policy of Prussia in the field of preserving the historical and cultural heritage of the ancient Roman era, organizing and conducting systematic work on the conservation and reconstruction of monuments of architecture and art, and contributed to the exponential growth of public interest in the problems of the history of Ancient Rome and the Middle Ages, the museumization of collections of ancient antiquities, and the organization of systematic archaeological research.

Historiographical study of the history of the nobility of left-bank Ukraine at the еnd of the 18th – the first half of the 19th century

2025-05-31T18:21:24+03:00

Since the end of the 20th century, the process of a total revision of the accumulated professional experience has begun in domestic historiography. This was due to several main factors. The emergence of independent Ukraine forced specialists to change the optics of regional historians, who in their works were oriented towards the interpretations of the research centers of historical science of the USSR, towards the identity of representatives of self-sufficient national historical science. The search for new scientific strategies posed the problem of choosing a wide range of methodological guidelines, from the modernization of populist archaism to the assimilation of theoretical proposals of world humanities. On this difficult path, one of the key problems was the rethinking of the role and place of social elites in domestic history. The images of the Ukrainian nobility as exploiters of the working people and traitors to the national cause, created by Soviet and populist historiography, have undergone significant corrosion through the efforts of modern Ukrainian historians over the past thirty years. Thanks to the intensive historiographical development of this issue, a significant body of professional research on the history of the nobility of various regions has been accumulated. Capital monographs, thorough archaeographic publications, dissertations, dozens of scientific articles and reviews have significantly changed the perception of the social, economic, educational and cultural activity of the ruling class. The presence of such a powerful historiographical work has caused a request for its expert analysis and assessment. The subject of the historiographical analysis has become the most representative studies that claim to be a holistic scientific representation of the nobility of Left-Bank Ukraine. It has been revealed that the problems of the history of the nobility, which in the early 1990s occupied a marginal place in Ukrainian historiography, in the 21st century. became one of the leading topics and one of the status subjects of research. The most developed and well-presented were such issues as the patronage, educational, public, and economic activities of the most significant representatives of this stratum. The issues of family and everyday life have been raised and are being actively developed. At the same time, a whole complex of directions remains out of attention, or is only outlined as promising, determined by the understanding of the tasks of new social history and the methodological possibilities of numerous historiographical turns of world historiography of recent decades. Among them are the role and place of the social elite in the region and the empire as a whole, the specifics of relations with other estates, social, mental, and economic differentiation of the regional nobility, private and sexual life, the history of leisure, reading, ideas, and emotions. The extensive expansion of information capabilities through archival heuristics and new archeographic projects also remains relevant. Without solving the identified problems, a deep understanding of not only the history of the nobility, but also an adequate perception of the «Ukrainian 19th century» as a whole is impossible.

Cultural and historical heritage of Kharkiv: the electrotechnical building of NTU «KhPI»

2025-05-31T18:36:58+03:00

The early 20th century urban development of Kharkiv deserves special attention. At that time, Constructivism became a notable direction developing culture and the arts in Ukraine, a style particularly characteristic of Kharkiv. Today, one of the lesser-known projects in the constructivist style by O. M. Beketov is the building for the Electrotechnical Faculty at the Kharkiv Technological Institute (Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute and National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” at various times). The aim of the article is to study the features of the construction of the Electrotechnical Building of NTU “KhPI” and to analyze its current state as an object of cultural and historical heritage of the Kharkiv region, outlining the contribution of the academician of architecture O. M. Beketov to the development of constructivism in Kharkiv. This study examines the contributions of Professor P. P. Kopniaiev in establishing the Electrotechnical Faculty and in constructing a separate building for it. Drawing from his experiences during academic trips to leading technical schools in Germany, P. P. Kopniaiev incorporated this knowledge into a project titled “Preliminary Design of the Electrotechnical Laboratories Building at KhTI,” enlisting the collaboration of Academician of Architecture O. M. Beketov. The initial proposal featured a three-story trapezoidal building with a large basement area and spaces for lectures, laboratory practice, and scientific research, with multiple entrances in addition to the main one. The first floor housed laboratories for electrical measurements, electric machinery, high voltage, photometry, radio, electrification, and energy studies. Later, the classical style was adapted to reflect Constructivism. The role of Professor P. P. Kopniaiev in creating the highvoltage hall, where unique research focused on atmospheric voltage and the development of new types of equipment was conducted in the latter half of the 20th century, has been established. The Electrotechnical Building of Kharkiv Polytechnic, constructed according to sketches by the architect O. M. Beketov and the technical project by Professor P. P. Kopniaiev, is well-known to multiple generations of polytechnic students. Built in the late 1920s to early 1930s, it was, at the time, the most modern constructivist-style structure equipped with a variety of advanced equipment. During the military conflict of 2022, the central part of the city of Kharkiv suffered massive damage. This also affected the buildings of the Kharkiv Polytechnic. Of course, as an object of cultural heritage, the electrical engineering building needs to be renovated. When carrying out restoration work, it is necessary to take into account the concept laid down by its creators – a special building for training and conducting scientific research, the most convenient in terms of planning and technical equipment.

Nazi crimes against people with disabilities. The case of Tomakivka district, Dnipropetrivsk region

2025-05-31T19:32:04+03:00

This article is devoted to a local story from the history of crimes committed by the German occupiers on the territory of the Tomakivskyi district of the Dnipro region. One of the features of the Nazi policy both in Germany and in the occupied territories was the murder of people with special needs who were in the relevant institutions maintained by the state. Before the occupation, there were several social protection institutions in the Tomakivka district: an orphanage and a psychoneurological dispensary. With the outbreak of the German-Soviet war, some of the children in the orphanage were taken in by local villagers. However, children with disabilities were evacuated to the home from Zhytomyr, and during the occupation, they made up the majority of the dependents. After the occupation of Tomakivskyi district, the Mykhailivskyi orphanage and the Stepanivskyi psycho-neurological dispensary found themselves in a difficult situation. Their dependents suffered from a lack of food, and with the onset of cold weather, they were freezing, as the heating was also confiscated. Despite numerous appeals from the heads of the institutions, their requests remained unanswered. The situation was becoming dangerous and a special commission was set up, which included a doctor and representatives of the occupation administration and law enforcement agencies. This commission visited the institutions and decided that the inmates of the psychoneurological dispensary and the children from the orphanage were to be killed, as they had no prospect of recovery. In early March, the Jewish residents of the district were rounded up in the district centre of Tomakivka, and later sent to the Mykhailivskyi orphanage and kept together in a separate room. In March 1942, the administration of the institution informed the residents that the dependents, along with a group of Jews, were being transferred to other institutions where they would be able to eat properly and receive decent living conditions. After the gendarmerie and police arrived at the orphanage for the ‘relocation’, some of the teachers and children guessed the real purpose of the relocation and escaped. The rest were shot dead.

The sequence and localization of the the Cossack sitches: new approaches

2025-05-31T19:39:01+03:00

Based on the analysis of historical sources (primarily cartographic) with the involvement of modern GIS technologies, revise the established periodization and formulate your own order of military-administrative centers of the Zaporozhian Cossacks in the second quarter of the 17th – third quarter of the 18th century. Methods: general scientific (analysis and synthesis), special historical (cartographic). Geoinformation technologies (GIS technologies) were used to analyze the area, compare cartographic data with real geographical objects, and clarify the localization of Cossack fortifications. The scientific novelty consists in revising the established order of existence of the Zaporozhian Sich, which became possible due to the involvement of a wide range of cartographic materials and modern technologies. Main results: during the research work, the order of existence of the Zaporozhian Sich was rethought and proposed: 1) Romankivska (1635–1638); 2) Mykytynska (1638–1652); 3) Chortomlytska (1652–1709); 4) Stara Kamianska (1709–1711); 5) Oleshkivska (1711–1728); 6) Chortomlytska (1728–1730); 7) Nova Kamianska (1730–1733); 8) Yaskivska (1733–1735); 9) Pidpilnenska (1735–1775). Regarding other known Sichs (Khortytska, Tomakivska, Bazavlukska), the statement about their correspondence to the nomadic camp or about the mythical existence of their existence as a «Sich» was supported. The clarification of the location of the Mykytynska Sich, the proposal to introduce the hitherto unknown Yaskivska Sich into scientific circulation, as well as the definition of the division of the Kamianska Sich into two fortifications with different locations – the Stara and Nova Kamianska Sich, became important. Conclusions. A new reading of known sources, expansion of the cartographic base of the study, and the use of the latest methods make it possible to overcome stereotypical ideas about the Zaporozhian Sich, revealing unknown Cossack military centers and fortifications or clarifying knowledge about known ones. Discussions and deliberations of proposals will contribute to the demythologizing of the history of the Cossacks and a better understanding of it.

Automation of observations and data processing in the Odessa Observatory (early 70s of the 20th century)

2025-05-31T19:44:19+03:00

The purpose of the article is to highlight the issue of the introduction of electronic computers for processing the results of astronomical observations at the Odesa Astronomical Observatory in the early 70s of the last century, using the methods of source studies and historiographical analysis with the help of the systematic approach. The use of electronic computers for astrometric calculations, ephemeris calculations, processing of electrospectrophotometric observations, calculations of the results of observations of variable stars and artificial Earth satellites is shown. The installation of electronic computers «Nairi» in the astronomical observatory (March 1969) necessitated the development of programs for processing the results of observations. By November 1969, the development of programs for processing observations on the Odesa meridian circle and their adjustment were completed. L. L. Vahushchenko, V. A. Siniaiev, N. M. Suprunets, and M. P. Krasnenko participated in this work. Calculations of the results of observations were carried out on the «Nairi», «Nairi-S », «Nairi-K » and «Promin» machines. It was established that the observatory’s material and technical base, due to a lack of revenues from the state budget, required additional allocations from other sources of funding. Thanks to the receipts of funds from the economic contract, the material and technical base was replenished and in 1972 a computing department was created, which in 1973 grew into a computing center. The algorithms developed for variable stars were applied in parallel to observations of the brightness changes of the artificial Earth satellites. Observations of the artificial Earth satellites were performed on a single-channel satellite electrophotometer manufactured at the Odesa Observatory. The processing of observation results was carried out within the framework of the international cooperative program SPIN (photometric research of satellites). The leadership of the work on processing data from observations of variable stars and artificial Earth satellites by V. M. Hryhorevsky, the coordinator of SPIN, a student of one of the most famous Ukrainian astronomers, the founder of the Odessa school of variable star researchers, Professor Volodymyr Platonovych Tsesevych, was noted. The materials given in the article, based on the example of the Odesa Astronomical Observatory, prove the perspective of the research of the early stage of the introduction of automation technologies in other domestic astronomical institutions.

Scientific heritage of academician O. O. Sozinov in the context of the development of genetics and breeding of cereals

2025-05-31T19:49:41+03:00

The article is devoted to highlighting the contribution of O. O. Sozinov (1930–2018), a prominent Ukrainian scientist in the field of genetics and plant breeding, whose scientific heritage played a key role in the development of modern agricultural production. In order to achieve the aim of the study, which is to analyze the research heritage of the scientist, the author used historical and chronological, analytical and synthetic, and biographical methods. The scientist’s research interests primarily focused on studying the problem of inter-locus associations, in particular for wheat reserve proteins, which was included in the world fund of general genetics; development of labeling with molecular genetic markers of different varieties, which is a fundamental point in modern variety testing; development of new concepts on the importance of protein polymorphism in genetics and selection of cultivated plants, etc. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the scientific heritage of Academician O. O. Sozinov in the context of the modern development of genetics and breeding of cereals. The key scientific approaches proposed by the scientist and their impact on the further development of the industry are identified. The data on the contribution of O. Sozinov to the creation of theoretical foundations of genetics of qualitative traits of plants, as well as to the development of breeding methods that have increased the productivity and resistance of grain crops, are summarized. Promising directions for the application of his scientific ideas in modern breeding practice, in particular in the context of climate change and food security needs, have been identified. The role of the scientist in the development of new methods of cereal breeding and improvement of their quality is proved. It was found that O. O. Sozinov established a direct relationship between variants of protein blocks, baking qualities and flour strength, which makes it possible to purposefully select the best crop samples according to the blocks required by the breeder, to isolate the most valuable forms and to select parental forms for hybridization, which allowed for the targeted selection of the best wheat and barley varieties. His research proves that stable coadaptive associations of genes were formed by both natural and artificial selection, in particular in the process of folk selection. The priority and practical significance of his fundamental and applied research for the further development of genetics are substantiated. Thanks to these works, O. O. Sozinov became a well-known geneticist, breeder, organizer of genetic and breeding and agricultural science, and education in Ukraine during his lifetime.

Scientific heritage of academician O. O. Sozinov in the context of the development of genetics and breeding of cereals

2025-05-31T20:08:25+03:00

The life path and professional activities of Vladislav Ivanovich Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych are highlighted – a forgotten figure of a scientific veterinary bacteriologist (graduate of the Kharkiv Veterinary Institute), who conducted research on the study of rinderpest, later worked in the plague fort «Olexander I» from 1902 to 1904 as the head of the bacteriological laboratory for the study of the pathogen of zooanthroponous plague. He developed original methods for producing plague pathogen dilutions in order to produce vaccines anserums against this dangerous disease. He tragically died as a result of laboratory infection with the plague pathogen in January 1904 in the plague fort of Kronstadt. The purpose of this publication is to introduce historical sources into wider scientific circulation, which include some rare data about the stay in the plague fort of the outstanding veterinary bacteriologist V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych and the last days of his life. The main methods of our research were the methods of analysis and synthesis, historical-problematic, chronological, historical-comparative, which allow us to present the life path of a famous scientist in the field of veterinary bacteriology in a more relief way. Scientific novelty. The work presents documents from small-print and rare publications on the work of the KOMOCHUM commission, such as: the medical history and autopsy report of V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych, which allow researchers and readers to get acquainted in more detail with the methods of work and the peculiarities of the paperwork of doctors of the early twentieth century, the peculiarities of compiling protocols and medical histories of that time. Main results of the study. Materials that reveal the case of the disease and the course of the disease of the veterinary bacteriologist V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych were studied and analyzed. Unique documents are presented that relate to the biography of the figure of V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych, with whom D. K. Zabolotny («Grandfather Chumogon») worked in the plague fort. The materials of that time have not been reprinted for a long time and are significantly scattered across specialized publications and journal publications. Therefore, they need to be combined and represented to familiarize readers and scientists with those scientists whose fate sometimes, due to their dedication to their work, had a tragic ending. The article presents a number of historical documents about the life and work of the bacteriologist V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych (1865–1904), as well as copies of the original medical history and autopsy report of the corpse of V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych for a more detailed acquaintance of the reader with the peculiarities of medical records management at the beginning of the 20th century. Conclusions. Publication of the medical history and autopsy report of the veterinary bacteriologist V. I. Turchynovych-Vyzhnykevych, carried out based on the collection of scientific works of academician D. K. Zabolotny in 1956, is a valuable source for studying the history of the fight against infectious diseases in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They provide an opportunity to conduct a comparative analysis of the content of the description of the disease at different times, to study the features of medical Latin terminology and linguistic expressions used by doctors in the past

Features of the development of electrical measuring technology in Ukraine (1960–1980s)

2025-05-31T20:41:19+03:00

The industrial potential of a country largely depends on the level of development of measuring equipment. In the large arsenal of measuring equipment, a significant place has always belonged to electrical measuring equipment. The purpose of the article is to investigate the development of electrical measuring technology in Ukraine during the 1960s‑1980s. The scientific novelty of the results obtained lies in the fact that, based on the involvement of materials from the funds of the State Archive of Kyiv, Kyiv, the Central State Archive of Higher Authorities and Administration of Ukraine revealed the contribution of research teams of scientific centers of Kyiv, Lviv, Kharkiv to the development and implementation of electrical measuring equipment and outlined the impact of their achievements on increasing the scientific and technical level of various branches of the industrial complex. In accordance with the latest world trends in improving the quality of electrical measuring equipment, the use of digital methods, scientists of Ukrainian centers proposed a number of promising electrical measuring devices. In the Lviv Research Radio Engineering Institute, special-purpose and widely used oscilloscopes were developed, which were recognized on the international market. As a result of the activities of the scientific school of methods for increasing the accuracy of measuring devices of Kyiv Polytechnic (heads A. D. Nesterenko and P. P. Ornatskyi), a number of digital measuring devices were created, which were implemented at the enterprises “Tochelektroprylad”, “Punane RET” (Tallinn). The Department of Information and Measurement Engineering of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute has begun scientific research on the development of the theory of bigenerator circuits. The digital extreme bridge created by scientists from the Institute of Electrodynamics of the NAS of Ukraine was introduced into production at the “Tochelektroprilad” enterprise. The activities of the team of the Research Institute of “Mikroprylad” in the development of microelectronic devices, the creation and subsequent introduction into serial production of hybrid integrated circuits are highlighted. It is proven that scientific seminars played an important role in the development of the direction of electrical measurement engineering.

Digital transformation of public services: history of the creation of the “Diia” platform and comparative analysis of international analogues (2019–2022)

2025-05-31T20:55:24+03:00

In studying digital transformation of public services, insufficient attention has been paid to analyzing the developmental stages of the Ukrainian Diia platform in the context of global trends in public services digitalization. One of the meaningful sources of information on this issue can be considered the comparison of the formation stages of similar platforms in different countries. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to analyze the historical features of the development and functioning of the Diia platform in comparison with leading global practices of digital transformation of public services during 2019–2022. The main research methods were historical–comparative analysis, which allowed to trace the development of digital public services in Ukraine and worldwide, historical–genetic method for identifying cause–and–effect relationships in the process of digital platforms formation, as well as a systematic approach and statistical data analysis. The main results. Based on the conducted research, key historical stages in the implementation of digital public services in Ukraine were identified, from the first electronic services to the creation of the unified Diia platform. A comparative analysis was conducted with the development history of successful international practices such as e– Estonia, Gov.uk, and others, which allowed identifying common and distinctive features in the evolution of these platforms. The influence of historical, economic, social, and political factors on the formation of approaches to the digitalization of public services in different countries was analyzed. Unique features and innovative solutions implemented in the Ukrainian platform, which were formed taking into account the national context and international experience, were identified. The article examines in detail the transformation of the Diia platform under martial law conditions, which created a unique precedent in the global practice of digital governance. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using the historical experience of the Diia platform development to improve existing digital public services and develop new services, as well as in forming recommendations for adapting state digital platforms to crisis conditions.

Yuri Volodymyrovych Lomonosov (1874–1952) – an outstanding scientist, railway engineer and locomotive designer

2025-05-31T21:01:11+03:00

The article highlights the scientific, pedagogical and organizational activities of Yu. V. Lomonosov – the founder of the scientific foundations of railway operation and the theory of traction of railway trains, the designer of the world’s first diesel locomotive with electric transmission, the organizer and head of the “Russian Railway Mission” abroad in the first years of Soviet power. The purpose of the article is to highlight the scientific and engineering path of Yu. V. Lomonosov, to create an image of a scientist and railway engineer based on the available source base. To achieve the goal of the study, historical-chronological, analytical-synthetic and biographical methods were used. The scientist’s scientific research was carried out in the context of the tasks of engineering science in the first half of the 20th century. We have divided the creative activity of Yu. V. Lomonosov into 6 main periods: 1) study and work at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute; 2) work at the Kharkov Locomotive Plant; 3) work on the Catherine Railway; 4) work on the Tashkent Railway; 5) at the Ministry of Railways in St. Petersburg; 6) work abroad: in Germany, England, the USA and Canada. The author of the article was particularly interested in the articles of Yu. V. Lomonosov, devoted to the processes of improving the organization of train traffic, on typical calculations of the functioning of various steam locomotives, on experiments and experiments in the field of the functioning of the Catherine, Kharkiv-Mykolaiv and Tashkent railways. Yu. V. Lomonosov also published a number of articles on topical issues of the traffic service (rolling stock and railway track). He has publications of economic and political content. Of particular note are the scientific works of Yu. V. Lomonosov, devoted to the main results of the study of freight steam locomotives, the contemporary tasks of the development of passenger traffic on the railway network of sub-Russian Ukraine, especially the creation of the world’s first diesel locomotive. Thanks to such works as “Scientific Problems of Railway Operation” (1912), “Traction Calculations” (1915), “Technical Prospects of Railway Transport in the Near Future” (1924), “Introduction to Railway Mechanics” (1933) Yu. V. Lomonosov became a famous scientist and design engineer in railway transport during his lifetime. He became one of the founders of the science of train traction. His experiments were aimed at improving the technical characteristics of steam locomotives and railway tracks. He sought answers to the question of the most profitable composition of freight trains, made recommendations for the restoration of domestic railways. His services in the development of railway transport cannot be forgotten.